Glutathione powder (GSH) is a tripeptide composed of glutamic acid, cysteine, and glycine. It is the most abundant non-protein thiol and a core antioxidant/detoxification factor in mammalian cells. Its physiological significance extends far beyond its role as an "antioxidant": it is central to cellular oxygen homeostasis, a substrate for phase II metabolism in the liver, a regulator of immunity and signal transduction, and participates in multi-organ function and pathological processes through its specific distribution in the microenvironment, including mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, and cell nucleus.
We select Shaanxi Medibridge research-grade glutathione: HPLC purity ≥99.9%, peptide content ≥90%, ensuring extremely low background impurities through chromatographic processes and strict raw material control, suitable for cutting-edge research in cell biology, enzymology, and red oxygen/ferroptosis. Each batch comes with a complete Certificate of Analysis (COA) (including key HPLC/LC-MS indicators), and a low endotoxin level is available.
COA
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Product Name |
CAS Number |
Batch Number |
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Glutathione |
70-18-8 |
MB2510280854 |
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Manufacturer Date |
Analysis Date |
Expiry Date |
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2025-10-28 |
2025-10-29 |
2027-10-27 |
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Sample Qty Base |
Packing |
Test Method |
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350.69 KGS |
5KG/BAG |
HPLC |
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Item |
Standard |
Results |
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Purity |
≥98% |
99.95% |
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Peptide Assay |
≥80% |
90.33% |
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Mass Spectrum |
307.32 |
307.32 |
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Solubility |
Soluble in water |
Complies |
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Clarity and color of solution |
Clear and colorless |
Complies |
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Sodium salt |
<5.0% |
1.15% |
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Water |
≤7.0% |
2.88% |
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Residual Solvent: |
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Methanol |
≤0.3% |
Complies |
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Isopropanol |
≤0.5% |
Complies |
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Acetonitrile |
≤0.041% |
0.019% |
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Methylene Chloride |
≤0.06% |
0.026% |
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N,N-Dimethylformamide |
≤0.088% |
N.D. |
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Triethylamine |
≤0.032% |
N.D. |
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Tert-butyl methyl ether |
≤0.5% |
0.133% |
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Endotoxin |
≤0.5 EU/mg |
Complies |
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Microbial Limit |
Total aerobic bacteria <100 CFU/g Total yeast & mold <50 CFU/g |
<50 CFU/g <10 CFU/g |
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Storage |
Keep in dark and cool dry place (-20 to 8°C) |
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Conclusion |
The batch conforms to the IN-HOUSE standard |
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Specifications (for research use only)
Our advantages
1. High purity and low impurities
2. Complete quality control and traceability
3. Low endotoxin (suitable for cell experiments)
4. Excellent stability and professional packaging
5. Ease of use and user-friendly operation
6. Batch consistency and long-term supply
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Form |
Sample Order |
Specification |
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Raw powder |
1 g |
Purity is NLT 99.96% |
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Vials |
10 vials |
3ml/5ml/7ml/15ml vials etc. |
Main Functional Modules
Antioxidant & Peroxide Clearance
1. Brief Explanation
GSH is the cell's "first-response" reducing allele, responsible for scavenging hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and organic peroxides, maintaining the reduced state of proteins and membrane lipids, and preventing non-specific oxidative damage.
2. Key Mechanisms
a. GPx (glutathione peroxidase, selenium-containing) uses Glutathione powder to reduce H2O2/ROOH to H2O/ROH, with GSH simultaneously oxidized to GSSG; subsequently, GR (glutathione reductase) regenerates GSSG back to GSH using NADPH, forming a closed GPx–GR–NADPH loop.
b. GPx4 can directly reduce membrane phospholipid peroxides (P-LOOH), a key node in inhibiting lipid peroxidation and ferroptosis.
Cellular "reducing power" is commonly characterized by the GSH/GSSG ratio and the resulting red oxygen potential (Eh).
3. Common Experiments and Readings
a. GPx Activity Assay: Monitor NADPH consumption at 340 nm using a coupled method; substrates can be H2O2 or cumene hydroperoxide.
b. GSH/GSSG Quantification: Immediately after sampling, block free thiol groups with NEM, etc.; quantify using DTNB or HPLC/LC-MS, reporting ratios and absolute amounts (nmol/mg protein or nmol/g tissue).
c. Membrane Lipid Peroxidation: MDA/TBARS, 4-HNE adduct, BODIPY C11 oxidation ratio; ferroptosis models can be established by combining with GPx4 inhibitors (such as RSL3).
4. Method Details and Operational Tips
Typical System: 50 mM phosphate buffer (pH 7.0–7.4) + 1 mM EDTA; final GSH concentration 0.5–2 mM is common; NADPH 0.1–0.2 mM; temperature 25–37℃.
Sample pretreatment should be carried out at low temperatures and in the dark to rapidly precipitate proteins and block thiol groups, avoiding false positives caused by in vitro oxidation.
Directly adding GSH outside cells is unlikely to significantly increase intracellular GSH (it needs to be broken down by GGT/peptidase before uptake), and is more suitable as a substrate/standard and extracellular buffer; increasing intracellular GSH usually uses NAC or esterified GSH models.
Detoxification & Phase II Metabolism
1. Brief Explanation
GSH is a core substrate for liver and multi-tissue detoxification. It can conjugate with electrophilic metabolites, causing them to dissolve in water and be excreted, reducing irreversible damage to DNA/proteins/membranes.
2. Key Mechanisms (Professional)
a. GST (glutathione transferase) catalyzes the nucleophilic addition of GSH to epoxides, halogenated hydrocarbons, aldehydes, and drug reactive intermediates, generating GSH conjugates.
b. The conjugates are exported via membrane transporters (such as MRP2/ABCC2), and subsequently demodified in the kidneys/liver by gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) and dipeptidase (DP), ultimately undergoing N-acetylation to generate mercaptouric acid for excretion.
3. Common Experiments and Readings
a. GST Activity: Classical substrate CDNB (1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene), conjugation is monitored at 340 nm; 4-HNE and epoxidized substrates can also be used to establish more physiological models.
b. Conjugate Detection: HPLC/LC-MS quantifies GSH-R conjugates and thiouric acid metabolites; transport efficiency is tracked in extracellular fluid/culture medium.
c. Cell Protection Assay: Cell viability and conjugation rate are assessed after exposing to electrophiles (e.g., acrylamide, BrdU metabolites, 4-HNE), and the transport contribution is analyzed using MRP inhibitors.
4. Method Details and Operational Tips
Reaction pH is typically 6.5–7.5; the volume fraction of organic substrate solvent should ideally be <1% to avoid inhibiting GST/affecting absorption peaks.
Prepare fresh GSH solution, protect from light and metal catalysis; add a small amount of EDTA for chelation if necessary.
Design blanks and chemical controls (no enzyme, no GSH, no substrate) to exclude non-enzymatic background.
Redox Signaling & Protein Modification
1. Protein S-glutathioneization (P-SSG): Reversibly protects key cysteine residues, regulating enzyme activity and signaling pathways (e.g., NF-κB, AP-1).
2. Nitrogen oxide coupling: Formation of S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) involved in NO signaling; GSNOR regulates its homeostasis.
Organelles & System-Level
1. Mitochondria: GSH maintains membrane lipid reduction, preventing MPTP opening and cytochrome c release; GPx4 inhibits lipid peroxidation-driven ferroptosis.
2. Endoplasmic reticulum: In a relatively oxidative environment, GSH, in conjunction with PDI/ERO1, facilitates protein disulfide bond formation; GSH participates in misfolding repair and UPR regulation.
3. Immunity and metabolism: Macrophage polarization, T cell function, and antigen presentation are influenced by GSH; the liver is the "central factory" of systemic GSH metabolism.
4. Applicable Scenarios: Mitochondrial diseases and energy metabolism, protein folding disorders, ferroptosis pathway, hematology and liver metabolism research.
FAQ
Q: What does glutathione do to the body?
A: It participates in phase II detoxification metabolism (GST conjugation → efflux), maintains red oxygen homeostasis in mitochondria and the endoplasmic reticulum, and regulates signaling through reversible protein S-glutathioneization.
Q: Is glutathione good for skin?
A: a.Mechanistically, it can reduce oxidative stress and affect melanin production (inhibiting tyrosinase, favoring pheomelanin → a tendency to lighten pigmentation).
b.Clinical evidence is limited and highly heterogeneous; effects are related to dosage form/dosage/individual differences and cannot replace dermatological treatment.
Q: What happens when you take glutathione every day?
A: Some studies have shown a slight increase in plasma/erythrocyte or tissue GSH (more common in liposome/sublingual formulations), and a mild improvement in red oxygen levels.
Q: Can glutathione reduce belly fat?
A: There is no direct evidence of fat reduction. At most, it indirectly affects metabolism by improving oxidative stress/insulin sensitivity, but fat reduction mainly depends on energy deficit and training.
Q: Does glutathione have side effects?
A: Some studies suggest that oral administration is generally well tolerated, with occasional gastrointestinal discomfort, bloating, and rashes. Inhaled glutathione may induce bronchospasm (in sensitive individuals).
Q: What foods are high in glutathione?
A: Naturally high in: asparagus, avocado, spinach, okra, avocado, pumpkin/zucchini, mushrooms, etc. Eating them raw or lightly cooked helps retain glutathione.
Q: Which fruit is full of glutathione?
A: Avocado is among the fruits with the highest glutathione content; watermelon, grapefruit, and strawberries have moderate levels. Ripeness, storage, and processing significantly affect the content.
Q: What are the symptoms of low glutathione?
A: There are no specific clinical symptoms; common manifestations include fatigue, slow recovery, increased sensitivity to alcohol/drugs, and elevated oxidative stress-related indicators. These indicators are for research purposes only and are not diagnostic.
For research that demands clear data-GH/IGF‑1 workflows, PK/PD work, and metabolism platforms-our high‑purity process keeps results consistent. Medibridge provides full COA and fast support, relied on by labs globally. If you need a dependable Glutathione powder supplier for a long‑term, stable relationship, email hi@medibridgeapi.com or WhatsApp: +44 07548632075.
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